Value at RIsk

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Value at RIsk
"Even the youngest of us may be wrong sometimes." [George Bernard Shaw]
Value at Risk (VaR) is the most commonly used measure of the amount that could be lost from a position or a portfolio.
VaR is understood to be the maximum loss which could occur at a given confidence level over a specified time horizon. More precisely, it is the threshold value such that the probability that the mark-to-market  loss on the portfolio over the given time horizon exceeds this value is the given probability level. We assume normal markets and no trading in the portfolio.
VaR calculations often assume that returns are normally distributed over the time horizon. Common parameters are 1% and 5% probabilities and a one day or 10 days (2 weeks) horizon. The inputs for VaR calculations include details of the portfolio, the time horizon and the parameters which drive the distribution of the underlyings (the average growth rate, volatilities and correlations). For short time horizons the growth rate is negligible.
If you are working with standard deviations only then you can go from one confidence level to another by adding the corresponding difference of their distances of standard deviations from the mean:
You can move from one time horizon to another by multiplying or dividing with the square root of time. This is only true if the difference between time horizons is short enough to ignore the growth rate.
There are three different basic approaches to calculate VaR:
1. Variance / Covariance Method
2. Historical Simulation
3. Monte Carlo Simulation
 Advantages of Using VaR
 Disadvantages of Using VaR
Easy to calculate for single assets, portfolios and whole companies
No knowledge of loss beyond VaR
Easy to adjust to trading style: If you hedge daily take 1 day, if on average you buy and hold for 2 weeks take 10 days
VaR is developed for normal markets, not for extreme events
Easy to break down into components or to analyze marginal risk (add or take away an asset)
[In case of historical simulation] It uses historical data (history is assumed to be repeated)
Good limit measure for single traders, desks or whole companies
Positions can change dramatically during time horizon (trading, hedging, expiration)
Easy to understand
Does not satisfy commonsense criteria like coherence​
Because of its drawbacks VaR is suggested to be used only in conjunction with stress testing and with backtesting.
Further reading:
John C. Hull "Options, Futures and Other Derivatives", Chapter 18, 2005
VaR - Article of New York University - Leonard N. Stern School of Business
Paul Wilmott "Frequently asked Questions in Quantitative Finance", John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
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